The Rights Of Public School - 920 Words

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, religion is an â€Å"organized system of beliefs† that has certain rules in worshiping a god or multiple gods. For many years, the role of teaching the Bible and prayer in public schools has been a major dispute causing religious freedom issues in America. Because of this controversy, the U.S. Supreme Court has long made it clear that the Constitution prohibits public school-sponsored prayer or religious instruction. Although the law has taken effect, there are still topics under debate. Even though the Constitutional law protects the rights of public school students, why does it not fully defend the staff and faculty members? Including religion in the core curriculum helps create a well-rounded education for the students. School boards must take into consideration the economic effects that have bombarded the young adults because of their restrictions towards religious beliefs. Public school systems, including students and staff mem bers, should be allowed to participate in religious activities because of their constitutional freedom, educational purposes, and improvement of political life. According to the U.S. Constitution, every person has their right of freedom, whether it be free expression of speech, or religion. A student’s religious liberty in public schools protects their voluntary ability to pray and express religious viewpoints, assuming that they do not cause a disruption or interfere with the education of other students.Show MoreRelated Public Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Schools: We Have the Right to Pray Prayer in public schools has been a controversial issue in our country for a very long time.   According to the First Amendment, the government shall not establish any official religion. Therefore, as long as the government doesnt make it mandatory for the students to pray, they should be allowed to at least have that choice. One minute set aside for a student to either have a moment of silence or to have their own prayer isnt hurting anyone, as longRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States Public Schools2111 Words   |  9 PagesEducation has been a staple necessity throughout the United States for years. From an early age, children attend school in order to learn concepts that will better prepare them for success in the future. Since Brown v. Board of Education, a nineteen fifty four court case that declared segregation in the United States public school system holds no ground, integration has been essentially mandated between blacks and whites in the education pr ogram (Hannah-Jones, 2014). Over the years, however, theRead MoreAn Examination Of Public School Students Fourth Amendment Rights On Campus2286 Words   |  10 Pages Privacy vs. Safety An Examination of Public School Students’ Fourth Amendment Rights on Campus Kathryn Hesse Communication 385 Fall 2014 The Fourth Amendment was written to protect every American’s personal right to privacy by issuing requirement for searches and seizures of one’s person and property. This amendment protects U.S. citizens from having their privacy violated by the government for no reason. According to the Fourth Amendment, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their personsRead MorePublic High School Students Have The First Amendment Right Of Free Expression And The Fourth Amendment Protection Against Unreasonable1277 Words   |  6 PagesPublic high school students have the First Amendment right of free expression and the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches while they’re at school. These protections extend a student’s social media and to the digital contents of their cell phones. At the same time, public high schools have special characteristics associated with their duty to educate students and provide a safe and orderly place conducive t o learning and so students accept greater restrictions of their constitutionalRead More Freedom Of Expression Essay748 Words   |  3 Pages All people in the United States are guaranteed this right by the Constitution. Students, however, do not have this right to the same extent as adults. This is because public schools are required to protect all students at the school. The major aspects of this right are speech and dress. Both the right to speech and dress are not absolute in public high schools. According to the American Civil Liberties Union: quot;You (students) have a right to express your opinions as long as you do so in a wayRead MoreFree Speech Rights, The Establishment Clause, And Their Incorporation Under The 14th Amendment1309 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves a number of issues concerning free speech rights, the Establishment Clause, and their incorporation under the 14th Amendment. First, the Court must first decide whether the school facilities sought for use by the petitioner constitute a public forum to determine which standard of review should be applied to the State’s regulations. Upon establishing the standard of review to be used, the Court must determine whether the 1st Amendment free speech rights of the petitioner as applied to the statesRead More Religion in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers Essay examples1161 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers    Censorship is a very broad topic.   Is it good or bad?   Often, we ask ourselves if such things need to exist because of the First Amendment right.   It states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.   (AmendmentsRead MoreReligion Should Not Be Allowed in Public Schools1293 Words   |  6 Pagesare attending public schools they should be aware of their religion options. The student should have the right to practice their religion as they please, just on the own time. Yes, religion plays a huge part in molding a person but, should be practiced when the time is available, not in a classroom setting. The government should have the ability to control the protection of the students that just want to learn. The capability to regulate the religious pra ctices while attending public educational institutionsRead MoreDiscovering The Relationship Between the Law and Your School Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Today schools are changing to integrate the 21st century. Therefore, it is imperative that educational administrators are aware of the legal framework facing the issues in schools. There are many issues the administrators will face and they must know the constitutional rights of individuals and the school. The Constitution contains the laws of the United States. Discovering the Relationship between the Law and Your School There are no references to education in the ConstitutionRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 Pagesin Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in public schools

Importance of the Curriculum to the Society Free Essays

PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY Introduction In 1995 Hornby described education as a process of training and instruction of children and young people in educational institutions which is designed to give knowledge and develop skills useful to the society. This process is centred by a number of planned activities which hold the potentials of imparting the skills significant to the society just as the definition points out. An outline or structure of these activities is what makes up an educational curriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Curriculum to the Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pillai (1984; p5) defines the curriculum as a comprehensive plan for an educational training programme or course to offer new or improved manpower to fulfil the rising needs of a dynamic society . Below is a discussion of some of the purposes of the curriculum to the society. * The curriculum serves the function of a tool for societal development. The curriculum include important and knowledge to be imparted on the learners, this is to say that there is a supplement of ideas on the students despite their innate intelligence. These new ideas help in discoveries that may assist in the society’s growth for example, new ways of increasing agricultural productivity. A student at school may encounter an idea that may help in the increase of agricultural outputs and if he implements this new idea, the society to which he belongs, would develop economically. A point which Jacobs (1997, p23) agrees with by saying that â€Å"education is the realization of each person’s unique potentialities thus, education focuses on the social conditions that block the fullest realisation of individual potentialities as it emphasizes on the changes in the present system required to bring about a more humanistic society†. This is just to say that education allows learners to make important contributions to the societies to which they belong, on the other hand enhancing the development of their particular societies. The curriculum also works as a source of societal cohesion. Webster (2011, p365) described a society as an enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another. This togetherness is partially achieved through the curriculum in that the curriculum holds distinctive aims and objectives and these are shared amongst all kinds of members of education al institutions across the nation. This is to say that there are similar goals set across the communities of the nation despite the societal differences. To achieve these goals and objectives the society members must share ideas and cooperate and this fosters cohesion as members of different communities are inclined to come together and formulate ways by which they can attain their shared goals. The curriculum serving the purpose of cohesion fostering element amongst members of the society. * The curriculum holds the purpose of effective societal problem solving. Basing on one of the ideologies on which education is found, it can be easily said that education can be used for effective societal problem solving, whereby the curriculum happens to be an integral part of the education system. Adopting such an ideology thus education for problem solving, it means that the curriculum in this case must pertain to such an ideology. Whereby it has to include activities and experiences that will allow students attain effective methods of problem solving. In this case the curriculum being used as a tool for effective problem solving. If student undergo experiences of such a curriculum it means they will positively contribute to their particular societies in terms of problem solving. Hence the curriculum depicting the purpose of effective problem solving in the society. Brosnan (1999, p64) agrees by saying that â€Å"the individual is a unique personality who finds his greatest satisfaction in self-expression in response to the changing world†. Thus humans find it less of a burden when they speak out their suggestions and solutions to particular problems affecting the society and this is exactly what the curriculum offers through the educational system. The curriculum works as tool for awareness in the society. In the experiences included in the educational curriculum, there are relevant topics that each and every person is to be aware of, for example in Social studies are concerning human rights, child and women’s welfare. These are some of the important things that are rendered to the students unde r the guidance of the curriculum, when these learners accommodate such ideas and dissipate them on those that happen to be of a shared society as these learners, the curriculum may work as an agent of awareness. This would be so as the learners would function as messengers in their societies as they will let the others know their rights and entitlements. Hence the curriculum serving the purpose of an awareness agent in the society. * The curriculum serves the purpose of societal problem identification. This idea comes about during the development of the curriculum, where a number of steps are covered on of which is that of identifying the background of a nation before coming up with the curriculum. As the professionals struggle to come up with basis of a country they also realise the problem that a nation goes through both in the social economic and cultural context. These problems are implicitly addressed in the activities that are included in the curriculum, thus for example commerce studies which equips students with commercial skills, may help eradicate financial problems that members of the society encounter. Hence the curriculum serving the function of problem identification and solution implementation in the society. * The curriculum as an element for cultural preservation and continuity in the society. Knowing that different societies hold different beliefs and values, the curriculum put into account these differences. This is done when the professionals are formulating the curriculum they tend to include some of the major beliefs and values that the children must be equipped with in older to achieve cultural preservation and continuity. Inclusion of experiences that hold cultural values does not only ensure cultural continuity but also enable the students to recognise their national and cultural identities, how they are developed, and how they can be maintained in their respective societies (O’Neill, 1990; p78). Thus the curriculum being in the position of enhancing cultural preservation and continuity in the society. * Ethical function of the curriculum The curriculum being at the centre of the education system, it holds all sorts of functions along with it, one of which includes social control. In this case the curriculum helps in maintenance of law and older in the society, whereby the curriculum gives learners the access to instruction for proper behaviour and personal conduct, for example, at schools children are taught not to steak from others rather to ask for whatever they want in a polite manner. This is the expected mode of conduct which helps reduce cases of increased rates of thieves as these youngsters are nurtured to behave in the required way in their early stages of life. In this case inclusion of such elements in the curriculum enables members of the society to be morally sound. Hence the curriculum serving the function of ensuring ethical conduct. * The curriculum helping in shaping the society The International Educational Agency (I. E. R) report (2006, p3), pin pointed that the curriculum as the core of the education system helps equip students with better skills of reflection which is a vital element for students to grow as learners and as useful citizens of the society. Coupled with the skills of gathering and organising information students have constant opportunities to practice responsible self-direction in the society. In addition, much of the curriculum is concerned with allowing students to learn about how people live in other places, times and how they are expected to influence the society. These understandings help students to develop high levels of self-awareness. This all can be achieved through the curriculum hence the curriculum helping in shaping the society by producing students that will be able to effectively self-guide themselves in the society. Conclusion Despite the strengths that govern the curriculum, there are a lot of shortfalls that can be corrected, for example inclusion of the rights of those in minority, thus the disabled, elderly just to mention a few. These also happen to be part and parcel of the society, whereby the topics of awareness included in the curriculum seem to dwell much on the abled. Consideration of teacher’s expertise when it comes to their familiarity with the materials and methods prescribed to be used in the teaching and learning process, this is to say that the curriculum indicates that it assumes that teachers are conversant with the materials they are expected to use in the teaching and learning process. Even though the curriculum assigns teachers to particular topic to teach, it does not opt for a follow up on whether there is observation of the prescribed topics and see if the required values are really being imparted on to the learners for the society’s benefit. REFERENCES Brosnan, M. J. (1999). Modelling Technophobia: a case for word processing Computers in Human Behaviour, New York; Guilford Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford dictionary: advanced learners edition 5, London; Oxford press International Education Agency, (2006). Report: Society and environment curriculum, revised edition: I. E. A Jacobs, D. (1996). LISREL8 user’s reference guide, Illinois, USA: Scientific Software International. O’Neill, W. F. (1990). Educational Ideologies Contemporary Expressions of Educational Philosophy, Iowa: Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company Pillai B. M. (1984). Smart schools: Better thinking and learning for every child, New York, USA: The Free Press. Webster, M. (2011). Higher Education in the 21st Century: Futures, New Jersey: USA Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF FOUNDATION STUDIES COURSE TITLE: CURRICULUM THEORY AND PRACTICE COOURSE CODE: EDU 3102 TO: Mrs O Nampanda FROM: Phunziro B. M Mphwina ASSIGNMENT: THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRICULUM TO THE SOCIETY DUE DATE 22/03/13 How to cite Importance of the Curriculum to the Society, Essay examples

To Kill A Mockingbird Man Versus Society Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbird: Man Versus Society Essay There Are Five Literary Conflicts In literature, Man Versus Man, ManVersus Nature, Man Versus The Supernatural, Man Versus Society, Man VersusHimself. There Is A New Literary conflict in literature, Its Man VersusTechnology, Therefore, Known As the conflict on the 20th century. Asymbolic meaning of this conflict is franticness. Literature, is a type ofcommunication. Poetry is written In lines, standers, and prose., Otherwisewish The Separate Piece was written with sentences and paragraphs. To Kill A Mockingbird Is Man Versus Society. It Was Written by afourteen year old girl, in the south during the 1930s. The story is aflashback when she was six to nine years old. This is a mini-novel by theauthor Harper Lee. The story took place in the very deep part of the southduring the 1930s when the country was in a ecomincal depression in a towncalled Maycomb. This novel was written in the first person, therefore weknow that the narrator is a character in the story. This story is aflashback that covered around three years. He father Atticus that treat heras an invitingly. In the south the tradition and society is more importantwhich is the individual is more important! He makes them learn everythingby themselves, Therefore she tells us how she is getting educated. Jim was a very active boy, He has manners. He was the son of atticus. Scott was the daughter and narrator of Atticus. Atticus was a well knownman. He was brave because he shot the dog. He was a lawyer. Calpurnia wasthe housekeeper of atticus, always helping out the kids when they neededthem. Boo Radley was given a monster image by the kids. He is one of thetrue mocking birds in this story. He said Scott at the end. Tom Robinson,He was another Mockingbird. He used to help out people. He felt pity for awhite woman. He was charged for rape That he never committed. Mr. Slady,She was a Old woman that was trying to Kick The habit. thats why shedied. There are four types of classes known at this time in the south. Blacks, Calpurnia And Tom Robinson. White Trash, Ewells. Poor Whites, TheCunninghams. And The Average Southern,Atticus and its neighbors. Educationseparate every. The average are the only to go to High School, College. At this time there where three myths known that separated the blacks. 1. Blacks where like little children and had to be taken care of them. Inferior2. Blacks, Had sexually intimate to rape a white woman. They had to be keptin a place. 3. White women where treated as goddesses. The lessons learn in the south, where Things never change.

The Rizal Law and Its Significance Today free essay sample

My initial ideas about the Rizal law was that it was another uninteresting legislative document that needs to be understood and memorized. Being a teenager, thats my way of thinking. I figured that since it is a law, it will tackle all about technicalities and provisions. I also thought that the Rizal Law was made for the sole purpose of perpetuating the name and works of our national hero. I was partly wrong. As I read the Rizal Law, I was correct about it tackling about provisions and technicalities. At the same time, I proved myself wrong with my assumptions of the Rizal Law being uninteresting. More so, I was able to have a better grasp and understanding of what it is to be nationalistic. What is it in the Rizal Law that caught my attention? To start with, my thoughts about it being insignificant to me was changed. It had everything to do with me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rizal Law and Its Significance Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was created precisely for students. How so? In the law, it tackles all about Rizals works and/or life to be implemented in all schools. Who are the people in schools and who will benefit from the Rizal Law? The students. The law was really interesting to learn, as it turns out. Suddenly my opinions were turned upside down. It changed because the objectives of the document were like speaking to me. The objectives being to reawaken the Filipinos nationalism, to open the eyes of the filipino from colonial mentality and to make the students proud of the history. Those made re-examine myself and reflect upon my own sense of nationalism. In the module, I was able to know what the Rizal law was for. The law was to ignite the sense of nationalism of the countrys people. Its not just some typical law stating that everyone should have a background about the national hero and his works. Yes, its main point was to let every Filipino learn from the past as depicted in Dr. Jose Rizals novels. And yes, it encourages us to at least know something about Dr. Jose Rizals life. But its more than just that. The law itself is a beacon of hope and faith. The law itself signifies the hardwork of our fellow countrymen, mainly Jose P. Laurel and Claro M. Recto with some other minor personalities, in defending that in studying these novels and the life of our national hero will spark once again our nationalism that was once shining ever so brightly. Of course, every Republic Act has its origin. I learned that the Republic Act 1425 is actually an amended version of a bill. This bill was called the Noli-Fili Bill. Although the bill was the origin, the two are quite different. There are some similarities but a lot of differences can be seen. Firstly, the bill and the law aims to promote nationalism within the country. Its aim is to spread the ideologies of Rizal. The significance of Rizals works to the lives of the filipino people is vastly great because it mirrors the situation of the past to the present. It gives us answers to questions that are difficult to answer. The readings, specifically the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, should be in their unexpurgated versions. Meaning, the texts should be in their unedited or original state. This was changed though due to religious beliefs of the filipinos. This was done because the unexpurgated version of the texts might hinder the development of the faith of the people, according to the catholic church. Since there are similarities, there are also differences between the bill and the law. The noticeable difference is the specific punishments stated in the Noli Fili Bill which werent written in the Rizal Law. Basically, the more strict between the two is the Noli Fili Bill. We can look at the Rizal Law as the milder version. Next to that is that is the amount of money alotted for the usage of the implementation of the law. Transparency about finance was shown in the Rizal Law. To follow is that of the requirements of all libraries to have sufficient number of books that could cater to the students if ever they wish to read the book of Rizal. This is necessary so that those who dont have the books or just want to read the books can have access to the texts. It can also serve as an aid to the studies of the students. The Noli Fili Bill and the Rizal Bill was created for the filipino people. It was done for the best interests of everyone and no other reason. The aim of the bill and the law are the same but its means of executing the provisions are different. So it gives me an idea that even if these two are connected to each other, theyre still two separate things. Well, I learned that you really cant please everyone. In something that you o, no matter how good the argument is, no matter how logical and needed it is, someone will always be there to give a rebuttal. Like in the battle for the enforcement of the bill into a law, it took such a long time to be processed and approved. The debate between Claro M. Recto and Senator Rodrigo was proof that not everyone had the same views on the bill. Claro was able to rebutt all of the arguments of Sen. Rodrigo. An example is when Senator Rodrigo said, It was not necessary to have read the novels of Rizal in order to venerate him, that Rizal would still be a hero even if he had not written his books. It was because of the sufferings that he endured that he became our national hero. † and he answered, For what would Sen. Rodrigo honor Rizal if he had not written the Noli and El Fili? If Rizal had not written the two books, the Spaniards would not have made him suffer; they would not have shot him. He would not be the national hero of the Philippines. There are a number of people who were pros and antis with the law. Emilio Aguinaldo, Mayor Arsenio Lacson and Sen. Quintin Paredes were in favor of the law while the clergies of the catholic church together with Sen. Rodrigo, Ramon Durano and Luciano Paredes were against it. Somehow, in some way, the people had their own say about the passing of this law. Differences in the understanding of the law made it difficult for President Magsaysay to sign the bill into a law. But because of the revision of the bill, it was turned into a republic act. Most important of all, the bill and the law was written for nationalistic purposes. Not in a way that the people will be like Andres Bonifacio and Dr. Jose Rizal who died for their own country but a sense of nationalism that shows how proud they are of their country. The law is not just for learning. It seeks to bring back what once was the mightiest trait that the Filipinos had. It gives the Filipinos the drive to do something for themselves and be proud of it. That we have the capabilities to actually change the world. Were not indolent. Were not so stupid as some people might claim. In reading the works of Dr. Jose Rizal, like To The Filipino youth, we will know that Filipinos are also intelligent. That our country has a lot to offer to the world. I cant actually say that I alone was able to answer all of the questions resented to us. There were some aspects that were difficult for me to understand so I needed help from other people. In terms of absorbing the law itself and knowing what it contains, I can say that I understood most of the ideas there. Its just difficult to explain how it works, like theres no possible word to explain what it really does. Frankly, I didnt expect that such a law wouldve caused such a ruckus in the 1950s. A rucku s in a way that heated debates happened and the destruction of reputation was done. Who wouldve thought that a bill wanting to teach students about the novels of Dr. Jose Rizal could deal such damage? That was nothing I expected because I thought that the people had a good grasp between the governments job and what is the churchs job. The governments job was to enforce law beneficial to the people while the churchs job was to enlighted the people with their spirituality and to teach morals to the people. I do understand that they both had the peoples best interest at heart, but what I dont get is that it lead to an ugly picture. My new questions about the topic are, why does the church belittle the faith of the Filipino people? Why do they feel threatened by Rizals books? And why is it that they act like theyre the government officials in a way that their say in a matter is highly accounted for? Out of those three questions, the answer to the second one really intrigues me. If I was to get the answer to that question, I bet that a lot of people would benefit from it because itll give them a better understanding of why the unexpurgated versions of Rizals books were so controversial. So far, I havent gotten an answer to my new questions yet due to lack of time. Hopefully in the future, Ill get an answer. The Rizal Law is more than just a law. It preserves and teaches the youth to be proud of their motherland. The law shows the mighty deeds of the colonized filipinos. It is not to be taken lightly or to be made fun of because through this law the future generations will have the same sense of nationalism that we do. The bill and the law is different from one another. One should not mistake the law as the bill. They have the same aim and some similar provisions but as a whole, the two are really different. The bill was more strict and urged the compulsery reading of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The law tackles everything that has something to do with Rizal. There are always pros and cons. Somethin cant please everybody. Thats why people taking sides cant be avoided. Its a matter of what will prevail. In terms of the Rizal law, the pros won. They found a way to stop the catholic church from hindering them and their solution is to make an amended version of the bill. The provisions in the amended bill no longer hindered the opinion of the church and so the passing of that bill come on smoothly. Lastly, the law aims for a nationalistic Filipino citizen. Being a Filipino, one should love your country with all your heart. Be proud of it and dont let anyone step on your neck and say that youre lower. One is not above the other. We should not revere to other countries as better. Were the same. We have the same capabilities that the others have. What should matter is our own productivity and that we should be proud of it.

250 Words a Page Term Paper

250 Words a Page Term Paper 250 Words a Page Term Paper 250 Words a Page Term Paper 250 words a page term paper is a standard minimum requirement. However, we offer you at least 275 words a page! Thus, you pay less while get more words per page! Our writers are educated and responsible. has a long history of providing custom written papers to students from all over the world. Term paper writing service is your chance to get a term paper written for you from scratch by an educated writer. Our paper blog has hundreds of sample term papers (similar to the one below) and you will definitely find a paper sample on your specific topic! If you want to get an original term paper, do not hesitate to request individual writing help. Term Paper Sample Shapiro believes that the theory for spatial inhibition tested in connection with this single perceptual anomaly has much wider implications. These can best be described by quoting his own account '...it seems that the general theory which was tested in the experiments reported in this paper has some general explanatory value, and a number of observations found in the literature on the psychological effects of brain-damage can be linked together. For example, Patterson and Zangwill quote Schilder and Goldstein on a notable tendency to react to a very limited aspect of the perceptual field, and a visual incapacity to relate perceived objects to their wider settings in cases with a profound degree of mental confusion.' Another example is the apparently contradictory observation that brain-damaged patients are both more rigid and more distractible than normals. We can assume that when a patient is paying attention to a task, a certain set of cortical arrangements is being stimulated and is in a state of excitation. According to the principle of exaggerated negative induction the surrounding arrangements will, in the case of the brain-damaged patient, be in a relatively intense state of inhibition. If now a new and different stimulus reaches another set of cortical arrangements, the threshold will be much higher than would normally be required for excitatory processes to develop into conscious processes and this new stimulus will have no observable effect. Hence the patient will appear to be 'rigid'. Should, however, the stimulation be strong enough it will reach consciousness, and because of the exaggerated negative induction effect, it might completely inhibit the excitatory processes in the cortical arrangements which were previously in a state of excitation. Thus the patient would appear to be 'distractible'. The educational methods developed by Strauss and Lehtinen are also explainable in these terms. It will be remembered that they advocate that the brain-dam aged child should be taught to read under conditions which minimize distracting stimulation. They recommend that the child should face a plain wall, that the material to be learned should be broken up and presented within a framework and that teachers should not wear too bright clothing or jewellery. Equally relevant is the practice of some doctors of giving brain-damaged patients excitatory drugs to lessen their 'rigidity'. Much of the general explosiveness and impulsiveness reported of patients suffering from diffuse brain damage also becomes explainable in these terms. The excitation of any feelings would result in the inhibition of sentiments and attitudes which should normally have a controlling effect.

Enjoy Your Choices or Find New Ones

Enjoy Your Choices or Find New Ones Let the beauty we love be what we do. There are hundreds of ways to kneel and kiss the ground. Rumi I saw this quote, pasted it here, and did away with the editorial I had written for this week. The quote prompted a spark such that I had to stop what I was doing and write. The idea is controversial, but thats fine. You can read it for its good intention, or twist it into something else. Its totally up to you. The world is in love with writing. Its organic (or should be). Its a tool we can put into practice girl with apples on her hands simply Other than run, what energy can you expend so simply and feel its rewards so intimately upon its completion? So, when you find yourself grumbling about rejection, fussing about yet another blog post, scrambling to understand the best way to use social media to make your writing salable, stop and thinkdo you really want to do this? How dare I challenge your skills, your mission, your ability to tell stories? I dare to We fuss about the bad writing that makes money and the good writing thats ignored. We fanatically hunt for the best tricks, how-tos, and secrets to writing well, organizing our time, or getting published. The excellent writers, the names that slide off your tongue like your favorite television show or family recipe, dont do any of this. They simply write. They write like their life depends on it. They write because its what they love. They dont care about the odds, the obstacles, the naysayers or the paradigm shifts of New York publishing. They thrive on their words and feed from their stories. To them, difficulty is just todays challenge to the same end to write for readers. There are no excuses about lost time, family obligations, short income, or Internet speed. They dont wake up and decide whether they feel like it. They rise eager to return to the page, regardless ofthe environment or issues of the day. Its what they do. Its what you ought to be doing . . . assuming that writing is your calling. What a miserable existence trying to force yourself into a calling, like choosing to be a minister without being beckoned Give yourself permission to step away from writing and find that other calling you are shirking. Imagine the joy youre missing, the thrill youre pushing aside because you think you want to be a writer. You only have one life, and its best you find the right fulfillment for those short years you have on this earth. Its okay not to be a writer. Its not okay to spend your life struggling to be something youre not. But if you are indeed hell-bent on being a writer, just do it.

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism Essay

Summary of Images of Women in Early Buddhism and Christian Gnosticism - Essay Example 95 problem The main problem addressed by the paper is: the paper seeks to obtain reasons why these negative attitudes towards women exist while it is known that they take an active role in their religious lives. This paragraph is important since it tries to show that women also take an active role in religious activities regardless of the perceptions held by men about them. Research question Why should these negative attitudes towards women persist when we know that women actively supported and participated in the religious life of both Buddhist and Gnostic communities? This is essential since it shows that the author has a point to advance to the readers as well as to get the answers why women are treated that way. Paragraph 3, p. 95 Both scriptures show that women are capable of seducing men to engage in sexual intercourse. This paragraph seeks to support the argument raised by the author that women are evil people. Paragraph 1, p.96 thesis -Both religions assume the wrong doing of women disrupted an otherwise perfect world. This thesis statement seeks to show that the author is of the view that women are responsible for human kind’s disgrace on earth. Paragraph 2, p.96 claims -The Buddhist myth posits to the effect that men’s disgrace came after he tasted food from the earth -this mainly contributed to the fall of humanity. This paragraph is very important since it highlights the source of sin among human kind. Paragraph 3, p. 96 evidence -The Christians on the other hand also attribute this myth of women’s evilness to the issue of Adam and Eve who tasted the forbidden fruit in Eden which led to sexual intercourse. -this paragraph is also important since it tries to show the evidence to prove that women were the causes of sin on earth Paragraph 1, p. 97 (Note- starts with this sentence: Other tractates, The Book of Thomas .... Eating the forbidden fruit led to the fall of humankind as shown by the actions of Eve. This section also seeks to advance the author’s argument with regards to perceptions held by men about women. Paragraph 2, p.97 evidence continues Both religions attribute the fallout of men to the deliberate act of consuming the earthly fruits that were not allowed by God. This led to sexual desire which could be satisfied through sexual intercourse. This paragraph again supports the thesis of the paper. Paragraph 3, p. 97 The Buddhists view the body of a woman as a symbol for desire and the Christian writings which also have same views for women. This paragraph is meant to support the view being presented by the author. Paragraph 1, p. 98 (note, it begins with this sentence ‘These intemperate attacks on the impurity of women's bodies and sexual...’ Womanisers are just like dogs. This paragraph is important since it helps to show that women play a major role in seducing men. Paragraph 2 p.98 Sexual intercourse is related to child bearing it is viewed as an impediment to full participat ion in religious lives. Men are encouraged to live solitary lives as an example shown by Buddha himself. This paragraph supports the thesis. Paragraph 3 p. 98 claims Christian doctrine also has negative attitude towards sexual intercourse and child bearing. These are related to suffering and Jesus even pointed out that people should destroy the works of femaleness. -both religions share the same view against sexual intercourse which leads to child birth. This is very important in the paper since the author tries to elaborate the

International Agreement of two companies Coursework

International Agreement of two companies - Coursework Example The decision of arbitrator is binding and easy to implement. CheapStock Corporation and George Limited are engaged in an agreement for five years. According to the contract, the involved parties should ask for arbitrator’s involvement if there is some dispute or disagreement. George Limited soon after a year wanted the termination of the agreement, which is regarded as a violation of the agreement by CheapStock due to which, suitable arbitration process is required. This paper includes a number of laws related to breach, termination of agreement and arbitration. Basis of Arbitration Arbitration is consensual: Arbitration process can be implementable if both parties agreed on it. In order to resolve the issues through arbitration, the parties at the time of agreement includes arbitration clause in it. The parties in disputes may refer the matter to arbitrator by submission of agreement executed between them. No one can withdraw from arbitration unilaterally1. The parties choose the arbitrator: Under the Arbitration rules parties can chose sole arbitrator to settle the disputes. Arbitration is neutral: The applicable law, language and venue of the arbitration is utmost important. Arbitration is a confidential procedure: In specific circumstances, the Rules empower a party to restrict access to its trade secrets or other confidential information to the arbitral tribunal or its advisor. The decision of the arbitral tribunal is final and legally enforceable by both sides2. Merits and Demerits of Arbitration Merits of arbitration are a) if the disputed matter is highly technical, arbitrators should have an expertise to deliver b) it is faster than the court proceedings c) cheaper and flexible d) its proceedings can be made confidential e) here language of arbitration can be chosen, whereas in judicial proceedings it cannot be chosen f) easily enforceable g) it limits the duration of the dispute and associated liability3. Demerits of arbitration are i) highly c omplex ii) in case arbitration is mandatory and binding, the parties deprive their rights to access the courts iii) ambiguous decisions cannot be reverted since limited scope for an appeal iv) fewer enforcement options than judgments in other legal systems v) not directly enforceable4. Arbitration Agreement In theoretical terms, it is a consensual process duly agreed by both the parties to comply with. Such sorts of agreement can be categorized as: a) if a dispute arises; it can be resolved through arbitrator b) submission agreements are those that signed after a dispute has arisen5. In the common wealth countries, the earlier is considered suitable. In the cited countries, each executor has to bear the cost in conventional arbitration and not in submission agreement. The law accepts validity of arbitration clauses in spite of its language not linked with legal contracts. Those clauses are: a) English law is applicable if venue arbitration is London b) suitability of clause c) if it is in line with the ICC Rules in London6. The competent court of law respect the clauses to resolve the disputes provided i) arbitrator should take into account the principles of practical business ii) globally acclaimed principles of law governing

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay Example for Free

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay How do the Sacred Texts and beliefs of Islam OR Christianity, inform a Religion that is relevant to contemporary adherents? In todays society, unlike many years ago religion is not seen as an important part of peoples lives. People are way to busy or so they think to be ‘wasting their time’ with religion, and church. But for those who do believe in a religion, especially those from the Islamic religion, they take part in a religion that was formed hundreds of years ago, still using and believing in the same scared texts and beliefs. Islamic environmental ethics are drawn from the 3 underpinning principle beliefs, that are the 3 central concepts of Islam and the pillars of Islamic environmental ethics. Tawhid a belief brought upon many many years ago, is the belief of Unity. It believes in the Unity and oneness of all created by Allah and that unity is reflected in the created world, thus the Tawhid demands that the integrity of the created world be maintained by balance and harmony. â€Å"The whole earth has been created a place of worship, pure and clean. Hadith The Khalifa, belief in Stewardship, is the belief that Allah has made humans responsible for all creation and with this involves appropriate use of resources for human needs. â€Å"It is He that has made you custodians; inheritors of the earth. † (Qur’an Surah 6:165) Akrah is the belief of accountability, Muslims believe that they will be judged on how they have acted, and ones treatment of gods created world. The sources of ethical tea chings, and the relationship between humans and the universe is outlined in the Qur’an, Hadith and Shari’a. It is defined in Qur’an as based on meditation of the universe and what it contains, sustainable utilization and development for human benefit, care and nurture extended beyond humans to the benefit of created beings. The Hajj is an obligation which fulfils one of the five pillars of Islam required of a Muslim at least once in a lifetime for those financially and physically able â€Å"those who can make their way there†. It is a faithful submission to the will of Allah. And pilgrimage to the House is incumbent upon men for the sake of Allah† – Surah 3:96. Before embarking on this miraculous journey, pilgrims must redress all wrongs, organise funds for the journey and the family being left behind, and prepare themselves for good conduct during the Hajj. The Journey then goes for 5 full days, starting officially on the 8th day of Dhul-Hijjah. After completing the Hajj with all rites performed, pilgrims have earned the right to be called al-Hajj or al-Hajji. The Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam through commemorating important religious events. These include Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Ka’ba, and established the rituals of the Hajj to reflect his life, Muhammad’s last sermon on Arafat, Jamra symbolises Abraham throwing stones at Satan who tried to dissuade him from sacrificing Isaac, and Nahr reflects Allah replacing Isaac with a sacrificial lamb. The Hajj reinforces fundamental islamic concepts with the Five Pillars of Faith. Shahada, the declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah is expressed through the Hajj by Talbiya (a prayer that states the pilgrimage is only for the glory of Allah) and through Mount Arafat (the place of Muhammads last sermon, where all are closest to Allah) Salat, the 5 daily prayers is expressed through the Hajj as the Hajj is a period where pilgrims are directly communicating with Allah and Muslims are in actual proximity of the Ka’ba. Zakat, Almsgiving is shown through the Hajj as the meat sacrificed or money given for nahr is distributed amongst family, friends and the poor, it also shows the obligation of the wealthy to the poor and Ihram, which means that money and status are not a factor for pilgrims and that all are equal. Sawm, fasting is expressed through the Hajj as it is a time of prayer, meditation and asking for forgiveness, as well as the Sa’y as it re-enacts Hajar’s search for food; empathy for hunger. Al-Akhira is believed to be the world to come, Muslims believe in an afterlife where they will be held accountable for their lives (Akhra), they believe that by participating in the Hajj there is a greater prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is not only significant to the individual but also to the community. The Hajj is significant to the individual as the Hajj is an opportunity for Muslims to experience spiritual rebirth and develop a sense of consciousness in Allah. It is also opportunity to reassess and confirm their Islamic beliefs. The Hajj provides opportunity for the pilgrim to improve their spirituality through worship, hardship and salat. It focuses the individual on jihad; sacrificing time, skills, money and struggling against external evils. Enables the pilgrim’s renewal through cleansing from sin. â€Å"whoever performs the Hajj will come home like a newborn†. The Hajj reinforces Allah’s mercy and compassion as it exceeds His anger by forgiving the sins of the sinful creation by declaring an absolute pardon for every pilgrim upon completion of the accepted rituals of Hajj. The individual strengthens their relationship with Allah and gains a greater understanding of Islamic history and has a better prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is significant to the community as the Hajj is a sign of unity, equality and a sense of pride in the global umma as they pray together and are equal in the ihram garments. It brings together Muslims of all races to from a fellowship for such a significant practice in the Islamic faith, and the hajj acts as a universal reminder of the blessing of Allah on humanity of our diversity and the brotherhood to worship the one Allah. As the Hajj and Environmental ethics apply themselves with todays contemporary society, the beliefs and sacred texts are used to form ideas of how to look after the environment and why it is necessary to participate in the Hajj.

Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms :: GMOs Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Organisms Do you concern yourself with the nature of the food you consume? Ever think twice about genetically modified organisms contained in a daily meal? If you're like most people you'll be baffled to know most cheese, Big Macs, and even soup contain bioengineered enzymes which are grown from the seed. In these articles there are two public opinions in which one states the innocence of American judgement and the other describes the protests of Americans against GMOs. Most daily meals contain GMOs while people aren't aware of the modifications. Throughout this paper there are people's ideas and opinions represented on the topic. "Does the US Know What it is Eating" talks about how large amounts of Americans aren’t aware of the contents contained in everyday meals. Soup, for instance, is considered to have contained a certain type of bioengineered enzymes which could be harmful. This all happens to start around six years ago when farmers use to mischievously sneak bovine, a growth hormone, into the cows by injection. This would increase the amount of milk produced by the cows and in turn profits would increase. Likewise, people blamed the government on the lack of regulations on GM foods when in fact Bill Clinton's treasury man stated, "Clinton's administration has allowed hormone-stimulated and GM food to creep on the market"(Steven 1). This confirms the lack of seriousness of regulations among GM products. In relation to the innocence of Americans, this just states that because of the absence of communication between the consumer and the â€Å"label† of that specific product, p eople aren't educated. There is no connection to notify the consumer of the ingredients contained inside. Some of these enzymes could be potentially dangerous. Similarly, "Taking it to the Main Street" discusses how protesters in San Francisco, CA were picketing in front of a grocery store demeaning the store about contents in GM products. Shouting derogatory chants, this was a move to persuade a nationwide campaign to force pre-market safety testing; requiring testing would ensure the protection of all citizens from harmful GMOs. On the other hand, dating back to 1992, the FDA said, "biotech ingredients did not materially alter food and therefore didn't require labeling"(Roosevelt 1).

Huntsville Project

Karen Brown PROJ586 Huntsville Project November Term Week Three Question #1 Estimated Completion Time of Project According to the requirements that we have set for this project we will not be able to complete it by the expected date of November 2013. With the amount of resources that we need to complete the project our new projected end date is January 30, 2014. There are a few options that we can take to reduce the amount of time needed to complete this project by the proposed date of November 2013. Proposed Changes to ScheduleWe can expedite the project by reducing the amount of time we have slated for some of our larger tasks. By recalculating and essentially shortening the schedule we can decrease our project by 10%. â€Å"A change in the estimated duration of any activity on that path will cause a corresponding change in the slack for that path. † (Gido and Clements 167). Currently we have several tasks that we can reduce time: * Recruiting & Training Managers 6 weeks (CP ) * Creating Building Design 6 weeks (CP) * Building Construction 40 weeks (CP) Procuring Equipment 24 weeks * Procuring Truck Fleet 8 weeks (CP) Of the five tasks identified, four of these tasks are along our critical path and attribute to 60 weeks or a little more than a year. If we were able to reduce tasks along the critical path by 30% it would provide us an extra 18 weeks or four-and-a-half months to complete the schedule. According to our current schedule we are exceeding our schedule by two-and-a-half months. I am proposing that we reduce all of the aforementioned items by a total of 0% will save us two-and-a-half months on our schedule and should provide adequate time to complete the project in the specified time. Proposed Weekly Allotments * Recruiting & Training Managers 5 weeks (CP) * Creating Building Design 5 weeks (CP) * Building Construction 36 weeks (CP) * Procuring Equipment 21 weeks * Procuring Truck Fleet 7 weeks (CP) Reallocating Resources In order to reduce the amount of time we have for each project, we will also need to change how we currently have our resources allocated.The largest impacts we potentially face are hiring additional staff increasing our costs and scope. In order to complete the building construction in 36 weeks, we will need to hire additional construction workers through our general contractor. The other tasks will require looking at the task leads and reallocating their percentage of responsibility and possibly moving someone to from task to another to complete on time. Question #2 After reviewing the Allocated Resources Reported we are currently over allocated in the beginning phases of the project.The Facility Specialist is has about 110% of responsibilities in the first week of the project. There are a couple of options that we have available to combat this problem. Reassigning Tasks This can be resolved by having the Project Management in a more active role selecting an architect. By increasing the Project Manager s workload to 10% it allows for us to reduce the Facility Specialist load to 50%, leaving him at 100% for the first couple of weeks of the project. Resource Leveling Another approach that we can take to rectify our over allocation is to level the project.Leveling the projects that are over allocated will result in one project being placed on hold until another project is complete (Gido and Clements 234). The task that is over allocated, selecting an architect, has no successors so it will not directly affect any of the other tasks in the Work Breakdown Structure. Resource-Limited Scheduling This option will allow for us to create a new truncated schedule that equally matches our staffing capacities. Instead of spending two weeks to look for an architect we can shorten that timeframe to one week. That additional week will allow for staff to spend time on their other assignments.All of these tasks have a positive slack, meaning they have some time to be completed because they are not along critical paths, and should not change the date in which the project will be completed. Of the three options that are available, Resource Leveling will be the most efficient to achieving our goals an d having the right amount of expertise involved in the project. References Gido, J. & Clements, P. (2011). Successful Project Management, Fifth Edition. South-Western College Pub. , 2011. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Fourth Edition. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, 2008

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay

Introduction Christianity’s doctrines and tenets draw from a rich heritage of long historical development. And since it is a religion shaped by history, it follows only that its teachings are influenced by the prevailing philosophies within it. But there are also good reasons to think that, conversely, Christianity is a religion that did not only draw from existing philosophies in history but also generated a significant impact on them. Three reasons may be cited to support this contention. First, philosophy was made popular by the rise of Christianity; second, key Christian thinkers have endeavored to incorporate philosophy within their belief-systems; and third, many of their teachings are actually philosophical issues Christianized in the process. Christianity and Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the rise of Christianity seems to be a factor responsible for the great interest many people have shown towards philosophy during the ancient times. It must be noted that even before Christianity as a religious movement was to be commenced (following the death of Jesus, and the rapid conversion to a belief in him), prevailing philosophies such as Epicureanism, Neo-Platonism, Stoicism, and Skepticism were already in place (Moore & Bruder, 2005, p. 77). But since the Romans – the political power of that time – showed little or no interest to these philosophies, they remained largely an undercurrent phenomenon. In many ways, the rise of Christianity paved the way for such philosophies to become widespread, as they are (specifically, Neo-Platonism and Aristotleanism) employed in many â€Å"religious ideas and practices† (p. 78).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, key thinkers such as Augustine and Thomas Aquinas also contributed a lot in employing philosophy as a way to explicate Christian beliefs. With Augustine, â€Å"Christianity became so permanently interwoven with elements of Platonic thought† (Moore & Bruder, 2005, 79). Augustine’s theology was chiefly concerned with arguing truths about the eternality of Christian God and the capacity of the mind to grasp the eternal truths; and these teachings are importations of the Platonic metaphysics and cosmology. Aquinas meanwhile was responsible conceiving the â€Å"underlying accord between Christian principles and Aristotle’s philosophy† from the ashes of the dark ages (p. 88). As with Plato, Aquinas’ teachings about God, nature and existence, knowledge and the world conveniently employed the methods used by philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third, many teachings forwarded by key Christian thinkers are actually philosophies which underwent a process of Christian adaptation. In other words, the manner by which these thinkers employed philosophy in explicating their theologies â€Å"in effect† may be regarded as a process of â€Å"grafting the principles and distinction† of Greek philosophy to â€Å"Christian revealed truth† (p. 88) The doctrine of the human soul and the Trinity are glaring examples to this. If only to argue, the Christian teaching that human persons have both body and souls is very reminiscent of the Platonic dualistic cosmology, i.e., that reality is composed of matter and form. The doctrine of the Trinity meanwhile is heavily employing the concepts of universals – a teaching that enables one to infer the conceptual similarities defining of two otherwise distinct entities. The result of this adaptation process is very significant to philosophy. What this process achieved was to ultimately create a â€Å"complete Christian philosophy† (p. 89). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper concludes that indeed, Christianity is a religious movement that had a significant impact in the development of philosophy. While there are many reasons that could be cited to substantiate such a claim, three factors were deemed to be of paramount importance: namely, the rapid rise of Christianity during the ancient era, the use of prevailing philosophies to explain Christian tenets by key Christian thinkers, and the creation of a complete Christian philosophy which capitalized on adapting philosophical issues within the context of Christianity. Work Cited Moore, B. & Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The Power of Ideas with PowerWeb. Sixth Edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York, Mc-Graw Hill

Free Essays on Violence In Television

Do the television shows children watch today negatively affect the way they act? The television shows of today differ very extremely from the ones of ten years ago. Ten years ago shows like â€Å"Leave It To Beaver†, â€Å"The Brady Bunch†, â€Å"The Facts Of Life†, and â€Å"I Love Lucy† were popular because they were very funny and the characters encountered everyday problems which were solved peacefully and fairly. These televisions programs encouraged children to go about their problems peacefully and kindly. Whereas, the shows of today paint an extremely different picture. The television shows of today don’t have a lesson to be learned in the end. Almost every show made today to entertain children is filled with violence. For example, â€Å"Buffy the Vampire Slayer†, â€Å"Angel†, â€Å"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers†, and â€Å"Bevis and Butthead† are all shows children watch because they are exciting but the whole po int of the show is to kill the bad guy not to settle anything peacefully. Children that do not have the ability to distinguish right from wrong watch these shows then act out in ways they see actors do because they think â€Å"if its alright for them to do it then it’s alright for me to do it†. In the average home, a television is on for almost half of the time the family is awake. It is estimate that children watch about 22 hours of television each week. (American Family Physician) Most of the shows these children watch are filled with violent acts that cause them to act violently themselves. In December of 1993 a young ten-year-old child after watching an episode of Bevis and Butthead went into his two-year-old sister’s room and lit her baby crib on fire. This did not only burn down the house, but it also gave the boy serious third degree burns and killed his two year old sister. (Mark Variety) This proves that the shows these children watch have issues in them that the children do not understand yet and will act out b... Free Essays on Violence In Television Free Essays on Violence In Television Do the television shows children watch today negatively affect the way they act? The television shows of today differ very extremely from the ones of ten years ago. Ten years ago shows like â€Å"Leave It To Beaver†, â€Å"The Brady Bunch†, â€Å"The Facts Of Life†, and â€Å"I Love Lucy† were popular because they were very funny and the characters encountered everyday problems which were solved peacefully and fairly. These televisions programs encouraged children to go about their problems peacefully and kindly. Whereas, the shows of today paint an extremely different picture. The television shows of today don’t have a lesson to be learned in the end. Almost every show made today to entertain children is filled with violence. For example, â€Å"Buffy the Vampire Slayer†, â€Å"Angel†, â€Å"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers†, and â€Å"Bevis and Butthead† are all shows children watch because they are exciting but the whole po int of the show is to kill the bad guy not to settle anything peacefully. Children that do not have the ability to distinguish right from wrong watch these shows then act out in ways they see actors do because they think â€Å"if its alright for them to do it then it’s alright for me to do it†. In the average home, a television is on for almost half of the time the family is awake. It is estimate that children watch about 22 hours of television each week. (American Family Physician) Most of the shows these children watch are filled with violent acts that cause them to act violently themselves. In December of 1993 a young ten-year-old child after watching an episode of Bevis and Butthead went into his two-year-old sister’s room and lit her baby crib on fire. This did not only burn down the house, but it also gave the boy serious third degree burns and killed his two year old sister. (Mark Variety) This proves that the shows these children watch have issues in them that the children do not understand yet and will act out b...

Characteristics of Pure Competition

Characteristics of Pure Competition 1.0 Introduction Basic microeconomic theory states that firms should seek to maximize profits and that this is achieved where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. A number of assumptions underpin this theory, including the assumptions that firms clearly understand the nature of the demand for their products, and why people buy, and that they are willing and able to control production and sales as the model demands. In reality, decision makers do not have perfect knowledge and production and sales are affected by suppliers and distributors. However, this basic theory has resulted in the development of market models and characteristics of these in respect of barriers to entry into the industry, the number of firms in the industry, whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to differentiate their products from those of other firm. At the early 1920’s, only two distinct market models are present in the economic studies which are Pure Competition and Pure Mon opoly. However, economist found out that most firms operate in markets that fall between the extremes of pure competition and pure monopoly. These firms do not face competition from numerous rival producers all selling a homogeneous product at a single price. Instead, most firms in the real commercial world face varying degrees of competition. In some cases, there are competitions offering more or less identical products; in other instances, firms produce and sell differentiated products. In the latter case, a competitor’s product is merely an attractive substitute. In the real commercial world, there may be numerous competitor, or there may be only a few other sellers in a given market. The need of for a more accurate world for markets of this type of this type led to the development of ‘imperfect market’ to refer to such markets. Imperfect competition refers to markets lying in between the two extreme forms of markets, pure competition and pure monopoly. In ord er to bridge the gap of these extreme forms of market structure, two economists, Joan Robinson of Cambridge University of England and Edward Chamberlin of Harvard University in the U.S.A., introduced independently a third market world to explain and illustrate the theory of imperfect competition in the year of 1993. In other words, their model of market organization is what as refer as monopolistic competition. As a result of the variations between the markets present, four distinct market structures are introduced: Pure Competition, Pure Monopoly, Monopolistic competition, and Oligopoly. Pure Competiton Pure Competition is a rarity as such as a theoretical market model. Pure competition involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized, non differentiated product that is exactly identical to that of other firms as perfectly competitive. Pure Competition is a market which firms will only make ‘normal’ profits, the amount required for them to stay in the ind ustry. In Pure Competition market there are no major barriers to entry into the industry so new firms can enter or exit the industry very easily. If a Pure Competition market reaches a situation which supply exceeds demand then the ruling market price is forced down and only the efficient firms survive.

Is Justice for All Possible in America Research Paper

Is Justice for All Possible in America - Research Paper Example The civil war paved the way for slaves to be freed so that they receive just and equal treatment; while the feminist movement has been slowly working towards changing the way women are viewed in the home and at the workplace (Kessler, 304). The Gay-Pride movement has been fighting for the acceptance of gay and lesbian people and has been gaining acceptance slowly. Inclusion of Different Groups The laws of a state or country are developed in order to provide a fair and just treatment to all citizens. An important issue that needs to be considered is the definition of the term ‘citizen’. Historically, women, slaves and the lower classes have rarely been considered as citizens, and the rights of these groups have not been considered when evaluating the extent to which the legal system is just. This means that often, even the most effective of justice systems did not represent a large portion of humans living in the country (Schmidtz, 110). Before the civil war, the inhuman treatment of slaves and other people of color was not addressed by the justice systems; and for a long time, women suffered in the workplace and at home because they were deemed inferior. Homosexual persons still find it difficult to gain acceptance in some parts of the country; and find it difficult to enter the army or share a bond of matrimony in some states. Although American laws restrict the unjust treatment that can be meted out to minority groups; this does not ensure that implicit forms of discrimination against minorities have been dealt with. From a philosophical perspective, minorities often do not experience just treatment from the majorities even in America. Kessler (174-176) provides various examples of how the well... Although American laws restrict the unjust treatment that can be meted out to minority groups; this does not ensure that implicit forms of discrimination against minorities have been dealt with. From a philosophical perspective, minorities often do not experience just treatment from the majorities even in America. Kessler (174-176) provides various examples of how the well meaning individuals of minority status are discriminated against under the guise of concern for them. He also raises concern about the manner in which ‘Affirmative action programs’ are carried out. The often cited rationale behind these programs is that they provide compensatory justice to groups that have been denied opportunities in the past (Rawls, 160). While these programs report admirable growth and development for members of minority groups, in principle they are unfair to Caucasian males who are less likely to be chosen when all other factors are equal.Issues in Providing JusticeInstances like the one cited above highlight the limitations in providing justice to all. One central issue is that the concept of justice and the manner in which it is practiced is heavily influenced by the perspective, opinions and principles of individuals and groups. Groups that are considered ‘different’ are rarely afforded an equal status with others as it is believed that this would be ‘unjust’ to all concerned. This argument has been used to keep individuals of homosexual orientation out of the military, rarely targeted as effectively.

Analysis of International Business Law Cases Assignment

Analysis of International Business Law Cases - Assignment Example With regard to the first legal issue, because no agreement was made between the parties either as prior verbal agreements in interpreting the contract and upon writing of the contract, and on the use of any trade terms regarding the delivery of goods and on the passage of risk, Articles 31, 32 and 67of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) applies. According to Article 31, which outlines the obligations of the seller: Thus, Mellow, upon delivering the wine to S.S. Minnow for delivery to Ambrosia and identifying it as belonging to Tippler with the appropriate shipping documents and markings has concluded his end of the transaction and the risk, as outlined in Article 67 states that: (1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. (Article 67), has passed to Tippler.  Thus, the lack of terms of trade in the contract makes Tippler's defense, stating that the risk has not passed, to have little chance for success because Mellow concluded his obligations to the contract upon delivering the shipment to S.S. Minnow in Small Port. Furthermore, the fact that the goods were lost at sea indicates that the damage occurred after the risk was passed, strengthening Mellow's case. However, even though Tippler's defense is weak with little chance for success, Grape, the country where Mellow filed the lawsuit, has no jurisdiction over the case. While the contract between the two parties was not clear in identifying the terms of trade for the transaction, it was clear in stating that disputes regarding the transaction will be heard in the courts of Ambrosia designating the CISG as its governing law. This accords the jurisdiction for the case to courts in Ambrosia and not Grape. Furthermore, since no place of delivery was properly ascerta ined, there is no definite place of performance that can be identified, aside from the one mentioned in the contract to choose the appropriate court.  

Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of providing the Essay

Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of providing the service of 'education', either free to consumer (entirely sub - Essay Example Therefore, this means that society can avail benefits overall in terms of economic growth, social cohesion, democratic benefits, law and order (Friedman, 1995). Because of this neighborhood effect, both public and private sector are involved in the provision of education. Both these sectors gain and lose by providing for education to society. We will explore these advantages and disadvantages for both sectors in detail below. Public sector or government should provide for education because it will provide government with long-term benefit in terms of higher income and hence higher tax revenues to finance public services such as healthcare, etc. In addition to above advantage, government gains from education provision multiplies as it has to spend less on social security or welfare payments in the form of unemployment benefits or health benefits as individual can himself afford to pay for his expenses by earning. Crime researchers found that education reduces the crime rate by both ju veniles and adults. The two main causes of crime reduction because of education could be either behavioral mechanism or better financial stability. By attaining education, an individual might be able to increase his earning and therefore, reduces pressure to commit crimes and escalates opportunity cost (Barr, 34-36). The major reason of government involvement in provision of education is to increase economic growth. This occurs when education results in an increase in human capital in the labor force which soars labor productivity and thus, leads to higher level of output. Another way in which education increases economic growth is by enhancing â€Å"innovative capacity of the economy† (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). This refers to â€Å"knowledge of new technologies, products, and processes which promotes growth. In addition, it can facilitate the diffusion and transmission of knowledge needed to understand and process new information and to implement new technologies devised b y others, again promoting growth† (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). The above point is substantiated by research done by economist that each year of schooling is associated with .58 percent increase in GDP points (Hanushek & Wo?mann, 2007). Government’s motive to provide for education is to achieve economic growth, which could ultimately results in increase in international competitiveness by producing in bulk, and exporting those products to rest of the world. Appreciated exchange rate is also an outcome of international competitiveness. In order to create equal distribution of income and wealth, government of any country is obliged to provide free education to all its citizens. This would not only reduce income disparities but also result in reduced poverty rate through income effect, which is a great concern of any government. Furthermore, social cohesion is also an obvious outcome of education. This occurs when common cultural experience boost communication with different people both in current and future time. There is also strong evidence that higher education is associated with higher political participation, voluntary work, and community affairs. These reasons are binding enough for government to provide education service (Barr, 34-36). Although there are multifarious advantages from government’s free service of education to its citizens, there are numerous costs which government has to bear as result of its provision. This cost could range in the form of financial

Policy Changes for Working and Single Parents

Policy Changes for Working and Single Parents Compare the way that successive governments have responded to the needs of working parents. Introduction This paper aims to compare the way that successive governments have responded to the needs of working parents. There will be a particular focus on women as working parents, particularly as there has been a focus over the last twenty years on women as single parents and their over-reliance on state benefits. The paper will begin with reference to the post-war welfare state and then move on to how both Conservative and Labour Government’s in recent years, have dealt with the issue of working parents’ needs. The Welfare State In 1942 Earnest Beveridge was concerned to combat the evils of poverty, disease and ignorance and he based his seminal report on this analysis. When the welfare state was set up one of its primary objectives was to support families by providing a range of services that would benefit families with children along with other services such as healthcare, education and housing. However, over time traditional concepts of the family with a male breadwinner, a stay at home wife and their children have changed. An ever increasing number of lone parent families has been problematic for governments during the last two decades. Lone parent families are almost always headed by a woman who has to combine childcare with work. This inevitably results in financial problems and means that lone parent families are among the poorest in the country (Moore, 2002). With lone parent families, and more married women going out to work because they are unable to manage on a single wage, there has been an increased need for a range of childcare services. The welfare state relies on the family because it provides the foundation for the provision of heal th and welfare services which is why most British social policy is based on the idea of the normal family. It was this notion that prompted Margaret Thatcher’s Government to call themselves the party of the family. This was a government where the New Right Approach to policy making became very influential. The only time that government should interfere in the corporate sector (that of the employers) was if one company had a monopoly and could control prices and access to goods. This belief in a free market economy soon became evident in Government policy making and was introduced into the health and education sectors. Privatisation was the order of the day. This was a Government which maintained that people had no automatic right to welfare. It was not the business of the state to look after you, rather people needed to learn to be responsible for their own care and their own future (Giddens, 2001). The conservatives made a distinction between those people who deserved help, people with physical or learning disabilities for example, and those who were not deserving, for example the young unemployed. These people, the Government believed were not entitled to any welfare provision. It was believed that the more the state helped some people the more they would not take responsibility and help themselves, Britain, they believed was becoming a dependency culture. Only those who were really in need should receive support and free healthcare and the rest should have to pay for it. Thus the Conservatives used means testing in an attempt to determine who was entitled to welfare and who wasn’t. Feminism and the Welfare State Feminists recognize that the welfare state has participated in advancing the cause of women’s emancipation. At the same time they recognize that the benefits paid fo lone mothers makes it difficult for them to leave violent or unsatisfactory relationships. The state tends to confine women to traditional relationships (maybe unintentionally) and to ‘women’s’ employment roles such as nursing or teaching (Moore, 2002). Feminists start from the position that men have more power in society than do women, however not all feminists are agreed in their approaches to the family and the welfare state. Thus many feminists have an ambivalent view of the welfare state and its relationship to women. Over the past twenty years feminists have written about, and critiqued, what they argue is the gendered nature of the welfare state and of Government policy making (Blackburn, 1995).[1] Blackburn (ibid) maintains that there has been a lot of important work which has challenged the ideologies that lay behind the 1942 Beveridge Report. Socialist feminists in particular were critical of the fact that women’s contribution to the war effort had been ignored. She maintains however, that rather than the Beveridge Report aiming to repress women, it was more a question of having to be mindful of the market forces in operation at that time. Pascall (1986) maintains that the underlying assumptions of the Beveridge Report were that married women would stay at home and be supported by their partners. There was no prediction of the vast number of married women who would enter the work place in the years following the Second World War. Pascall further maintains that this attitude has meant r esistant to reform and Britain tends to modify Beveridge’s findings rather than adhere to European rulings on equal opportunities. Pascall asserts that there is a need to put women in a picture that has been largely drawn by men (1986,p.6)[2]. Ideas centred on a man being able to earn enough to support a family benefited the capitalist economy and the working man at the expense of women (Barratt and Mackintosh, 1980). These writers further maintain that government policy making is still centred on the idea of a family wage. This notion is embedded in British society and has been a major reason for women’s continuing inequality with men. The idea that a man was entitled to earn a family wage but women were not has meant that women have, (and still do in a number of areas) earn less than men. Furthermore, the low pay which accompanies what is often termed ‘women’s work’ means that women’s choices are restricted and their economic powers within marriage have been reduced. Women and Policy Changes Women have been struggling to achieve equal status with men in the labour market since the late 1960s. Women’s efforts in this area saw the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1970. This said that women were entitled to the same pay as men if they were doing the same job. It became illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 to discriminate against women in education, in employment, and in the provision of goods. These changes did not satisfy the European Court, which demanded a strengthening of Britain’s Equal Pay Act in 1982. There was a further amendment in 1984 which allowed that women were entitled to the same pay as men in their organizations. This rested on women being able to prove that their work involved the same kinds of decision making and skills as those carried out by men. It also meant that they should have equal access and an equal chance for promotion to that of men. Until the late 1980s girls were less likely than boys to achieve the requisite number of A levels to enter university. In recent years there have been concerns about the growing underachievement of boys compared to girls. Girls are matching or exceeding boys across the curriculum and thus there are more women entering higher education. This does not, however, give them much advantage in the job market where they are disadvantaged in comparison with males who have the same qualification levels ( Epstein, et al, 1998). Moore (2002), however, maintains that things are changing, men have more domestic responsibility than they did 20 years ago and also a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. The government has recognized this through their introduction of parental leave. In the past only mothers were entitled to such leave. Parental leaves means that both parents can take legitimate time off, but in many cases men’s leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Women in the Workplace Census figures for 1991 tend to suggest that at the time, the workforce was 47% women. Needless to say there were regional and ethnic variations and single women were more likely to be in paid work than married women. (Abbott and Tyler, 1995). maintain that this is due to the fact that women’s participation in the labour market is affected by their domestic responsibilities.Women spend time out of the labour market when they have young children and then may work part time while children are at school. Many women do not return to full employment until their children are older. There growing number of women in the workplace has resulted in more flexibility in working arrangements to accommodate that. Crompton (1997) maintains that much of this springs from the increase in the number of part-time jobs available. Millar (1993) states that flexible working may look encouraging in terms of women’s visibility in paid work, but it also means that there are more women living in poverty than ever before. Most of these women are part-time and flexible workers. The only interest such flexibility serves is that of the employer because there is a need to be more competitive and to reduce labour costs while at the same time expecting greater worker productivity (Giddens,2001). The introduction, in the 1970s, of family credit was a move to encourage more people to go back to work. Those with low paying jobs would receive payments from the state through family credit. Critics of this policy argued that although it did provide low income families with some extra money it provided no incentive for low paying employers to increase wages. Changing Policy: The Third Way New Labour came into power in 1997. They offered a ‘third way’ approach. It is really an updated model of the original welfare state with new right influences. One of its concepts is o rely on the importance of successful businesses to bring in the wealth for the rest of society and to increase employment levels. It also argues for an end to discrimination based on gender roles and on race, despite this it is still a party that holds to the concept of the traditional family. The present government promotes a more integrated approach to policy making thus the number of areas having an effect on benefits has been increased. Benefits are no longer the sole preserve of the Department for Work and Pensions, the Inland Revenue and the treasury have also become important providers with tax credit schemes being used to offer an alternative method of social protection. Family Credit was replaced by Working Families’ Tax Credits and Children’s Tax Credits in April 2001. These were meant to guarantee families a minimum weekly income.[3] New Labour have increased maternity grants, promised greater help with childcare, and believe that these methods will help bring British families out of the poverty trap (Moore, 2002). Despite these policy changes there are a number of disadvantages that parents, and particularly women, face when it comes to paid work. While some jobs are seen as offering more flexibility working part-time, Crompton (1997) argues that this can also put women at a disadvantage as it is generally lower paid, has less job security and less opportunity for promotion. Although child care arrangements do have an effect on women’s working patterns, lack of proper child care is not the only reason women do not participate more fully in the workplace. For example, while the number of women in work has continued to rise only a third of single mothers with young children are economically active (HMSO, 1999). Despite Government initiatives such as Sure Start Centres, most lone mothers may not have sufficient extra support to return to the workplace, or they may only be offered low paid work which may leave them worse off than they were on benefits. Moore (2002), however, maintains that although women have been discriminated against in policy making, things are changing, men have more domestic responsibility than they did 20 years ago and also a much greater involvement with their children than in the past. The government has recognized this through their introduction of parental leave. In the past only mothers were entitled to such leave. Parental leaves means that both parents can take legitimate time off, but in many cases men’s leave is unpaid and so often not taken. Having said this, according to the Guardian (15/12/1999) 50% of people said that the introduction of parental leave would increase their loyalty to their employers, There has been some redistribution of resources under Labour but their policies still have a lot of drawbacks. Job creation schemes have not really helped the situation and families in receipt of working tax credits can end up worse off than they were when they were unemployed. Changes in thei r hours and mistakes made by those who pay these credits has caused an uproar in the media and financial problems for many families as their money is stopped without any reason being given or any notice. Therefore such policies can be double-edged. Conclusion This paper has attempted to give some idea of the policies that relate to working parents and their children. The New Right approach was to bring in means testing and family credit and basically assume that people’s families should help them out. As such the Conservative Government of the 1980s and ‘90s did little to address the needs of working parents. New Labour on the other hand has specifically target policies at the family but some of their policy making has a double edge. Critics regard New Labour’s efforts at change as an indistinct set of policies that harks back to old labour but swings to the right in its ideology. The introduction of working family tax credit has been a double edged sword with a huge amount of overpayments. Although New Labour has attempted to introduce more and better childcare, what there is, is still insufficient and exorbitantly expensive. It might therefore be concluded that successive Governments tend to hold on to outdated notions of the family and of welfare and that these work against the interests of working families. Bibliography Abbott and Wallace, 1997 An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge Abbott and Tyler 1995 Ethnic variation in the female labour force: a research note†in British Journal of Sociology 46 pp 330-353 Allan, Graham and Crow, Graham 2001 Families, Households and Society: Basingstoke: Palgrave Barrett and Mcintosh 1980 â€Å"The family wage: Some problems for socialists and Feminists† Capitlalism and Class 11 pp51-72 Blackburn, S. 1995 â€Å"How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state† Women’s History Review 4 (3) p.369-394 Epstein et al 1998 Failing boys: Issues in Gender and Achievement Buckingham, OUP Giddens, A. 2001 4th edition. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. HMSO 1999 Social Trends 29 London, HMSO Moore, S 2002 Social Welfare Alive (3rd ed) Cheltenham, Nelson Thorne Pascall, G. 1986 Social Policy: A Feminist Analysis London, Tavistock http://www.direct.gov.uk/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/TaxCredits/fs/en 1 Footnotes [1] Blackburn, S. 1995 â€Å"How useful are feminist theories of the welfare state† Women’s History Review 4 (3) p.369-394 [2] Pascall, G. 1986 Social Policy: A Feminist Analysis London, Tavistock [3]http://www.direct.gov.uk/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/TaxCredits/fs/en

Standardized Testing Is Inaccurate For Teacher Evaluation Essay

The United States of America is ranked 15th in the world for it’s quality of education. Improvement in our education system is necessary if we want to keep up with the best nations in the world. Over the past ten years, a new push has been made to improve education in America through programs like No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top. States across the country are assessing teachers and schools by using standardized test scores. By using standardized test scores, states link high stakes to the results such as grant money, salary, and jobs as incentive to improve the scores for the following year. In Wisconsin and other states, 50% of these evaluations are based solely on how students score on these tests making the results have a critical impact, affecting not only the futures of the students, but also the futures of their teachers. Although it is important to give schools and teachers feedback so that they can better educate students, high-stakes testing should be used mi nimally for this purpose because of the lack of conclusive results they produce, and the detrimental effects that they can have on students, teachers, and even the whole schooling community. The first problem with evaluating schools and teachers with standardized testing is that the scores are so heavily correlated with factors other than intelligence. Background factors like like their family’s socioeconomic status or disabilities that a student may have all affect a students ability on a standardized test. Proponents of the use of standardized testing to evaluate schools and teachers argue that standardized tests are a fair and objective way of evaluating students because it is a common standard for everyone. The problem in their argument is that not all s... ... Student Test Scores to Evaluate Teachers. Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper #278. 2010 , Economic Policy Institute, 13 November 2014. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp278/ Kohn, Alfie. "The Real Threat to American Schools." Tikkun. March/April 2001: 25+. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 18 Nov 2014. Teachers Need Real Feedback. Perf. Bill Gates. TED. The Sapling Foundation, May 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. . Strauss, Valerie. "Massachusetts Professors Protest High-Stakes Standardized Tests." Washington Post. 22 Feb 2013: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher.Web. 17 Nov 2014. "What the Research Says on Teacher Evaluations." Learn More About Teacher Evaluations. New York State United Teachers, Nov. 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. .

Music Business Merchandising and Law

Discuss how the Music Business is a system comprised of principle subsystems. There are several key components to the success of an artist in the music business. These components support one another, and enable each to complete tasks that are designed to further the marketability of an artist or group. One such component, or subsystem, is the agent. The agent acts as the legal representative of an artist. This person, or company, manages all of the legal issues associated with an artist’s image and career. Agents, typically, are the face of the artist to the business world. These agents meet with promoters, and venue owners to secure the performance rights, and facilitate touring. They also ask as mediators between the artist and publishing companies to ensure that all legal issues are addressed, and that the transfer of the artist’s created materials are handled in the proper manner. Another aspect of the agent’s responsibility is to maintain and negotiate contracts for the artist, with their respective parent companies. This is to ensure that the artist receives all the proper representation that is required to ensure that the contracts that the artists are bound by are fair, and ethical. The next subsystem is the parent company itself. Often referred to simply as the â€Å"label†, record companies are the binding source of power within the music business. The label is the enterprise which holds the contracts, oversees promotion, ensures distribution, and holds the records on taxes, royalties, and payments to the artist and all his/her employees. Record companies range in size, depending on the scope of their enterprise. Small or independent companies typically handle and short list of clients, and are able reach a limited area for the release. The larger companies are multinational conglomerations that hold interests in hundreds of artist. These companies are able to reach markets the world over. They also, typically, oversee a wide range of music business genres. The next part of the equation is the distributor. It is the job and obligation of the record distributor to procure the reproduction rights of an artist, produce large quantities of the product, and ensure that the product is available for the public demand. Just as the record company, record distributors range in size and scope. With the small companies reaching a localized market, and the larger, international companies, reaching every market available, the distributors serve the record companies directly. Though they are dealing in the product of an artist, they rarely deal directly with them. It has only been in recent years that the Music Business has had the ability to find and foster increasing numbers of qualified leaders. The music business, though in existence for centuries, has only in the past few decades created an environment that fosters a profitable medium. The earliest professional musicians were limited to audiences of royalty, and noble elites – for they alone possessed the wealth enough to pay for such extravagances. This early form of the music business was also limited by the desire of the leading nobles or royalty in the scope of content and style. The musicians, such as Mozart, in his day, were allowed to create only what was pleasing to the royal court – and profited very little from it. However, in the 20th century, artists began to see a freedom that had eluded them in the past. With the increasingly large audience base in the United States, artists from multiple genres were able to procure livable wages in town halls and theaters. Following World War I, there was a large outcry for artistic expression in the arts in the United States – and a boom of employment followed. The era of the Big Band, saw music leaders, such as Duke Ellington, tour the entire country – playing their own music and earning their own wages. This boom in musical freedom peaked in the 1950’s with the rise of â€Å"Rock and Roll† – and such artists as Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis and Roy Orbison. The late fifties, though socially repressed, saw the first millionaires rise from the music industry – and along with them, the rise of the industry itself. The era of Sun Records, in Memphis Tennessee, showed the music world that vast amounts of income that could be generated with a properly maintained and well organized corporate entity. The number of record companies increased drastically, and by the early 1960’s there were dozens of large scale companies operating the in United States. The next big step came in the form of British artists. The arrival of The Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and other English groups into the United States, opened the door for the first multinational company holdings. The rights of these groups to perform and sell their records within the United States meant that American companies had to hold part of their ownership. Soon this would lead to the expansion of American companies to other countries, to acquire the artists directly, and increase the profitability – by eliminating the shared contracts. Today, we see companies such as Sony, Viacom and Time Warner, as companies that are reaching every part of the globe, and dealing with not only music, but all ranges of entertainment arenas. These world wide conglomerations hold interest in hundreds and thousands of entertainers each, and command vast amounts of yearly income from the music business alone. Discuss the emphasis placed on the fact that Performing Arts Professionals rely heavily on a full staffed support system to gain and sustain success. The amount of legal issues that govern an artist today is nearly as expansive as the United States tax code – which is also one of the many things that must be dealt with. The time that is necessary to maintain accurate records, deal with all of the promoters, distributors, lawyers, and agents would be impossible for a single person, or even a small group of people, to undertake. Nationally marketed artists have dealings with thousands of people that are related to the marketing and distribution of their product. This is why the music industry has created several specific positions that are intended to deal directly with each facet of an artist’s career. There are tour managers who deal directly with local promoters and venue owners to schedule events and solidify contractual necessities. There are also public relations agents who deal with the entertainment press and ensure that all the necessary information about an artist is available for public knowledge – or in some cases, unavailable. There are also entertainment lawyers whose job it is to ensure that all of the issues that involve the artist are dealt with accordingly. These issues may include copyrights, ownership of the material, and/or the transfer of these from one party to another. Another very important part of an artist’s career management team would be the accountant. As we have seen with artists such as Willie Nelson and others, improperly managed income can result in terrible personal and economic costs to the artist. The amount of time that is necessary for this task to be maintained successfully, in the cases of especially large acts, is hundreds of hours per week – of course impossible for the artist to worry about and still maintain a career in music. Finally, there are the people whose job it is to ensure that every recorded track is perfect, and marketable – the producer. Today’s recording technology is vastly more complex and sensitive than was seen even twenty years ago. The expertise that is necessary to operate and adjust the sound boards for a recording artist takes years of training within itself. Some of these producers, such as Bob Rock and Jermaine Dupri, have as much recognition as the artists that they support. They are also some of the highest paid professionals within the music business – as they often hold a large percentage of the finished product’s copyright and therefore, profits. What are the FOUR FACTORS which represent the essential core foundation contributing to the success of those who â€Å"win† in the Music Business? The first factor is marketability. This is the ability of an artist to create a body of work that is acceptable to the largest possible audience. The more people who would listen to an artist’s chosen style, the easier it is to sell and profit from that style. The term â€Å"Pop Music† is the very definition of this. With artists today such as Jessica Simpson and Kelly Clarkson, who produce mainstream music that pushes few boundaries, the ability for the record companies to market these artists is greatly increased. Next would be the playability of an artist. This is the ability for an artist to be broadcasted on radio stations and television networks. It is important that an artist be able to be broadcasted on national radio stations to ensure that the artist is heard by the largest possible number of people – thereby increasing the possible number of record buyers. There are acceptations to this rule, however. Groups such as Korn and Pantera have each had number one records in the United States – with little or no airplay. This leads to the next factor – touring. Touring is the best tool that an artist can utilize to see that their work is seen by the public. Tours are usually very profitable ventures, the most often the source of greatest amounts of income for the artist or group. Tours also enable the buying public to see, first hand, the musical ability and entertainment value of an artist. Some artists, such as the Grateful Dead and Phish, never had large numbers of record sales, however their non-stop touring schedules ensured them a strong fan following and large profitability. Both bands also used a tactic that brought them much success as artists, but not as enterprises, the use of bootlegged recordings. They allowed audience members to record their performances and sell them on their own, without fear of reprisal. This created a strong fan solidarity, but most certainly contributed to their low actual album sales. Finally, there is the factor of performance, itself. No artist or group could maintain a career without an enjoyable and entertaining performance. The necessity for performance is at the root of an artist’s success. Combining talent, creation and execution in the proper construct will make for a successful artist. As seen with groups such as The Door, who were arguably the most intellectual group of the 1960’s, saw their popularity plummet as the drug and alcohol induced antics of front man, Jim Morrison, became belligerent and sometimes, combative to the audience. The Business of Music: This encapsulates the sum total of all issues that are involved in the recording, marketing, and obtaining of profit from music. The enterprise of music involves thousands of titles and positions that work to ensure the profit of an artist or group. Though, sometimes seen as the driving force behind musical trends, the business of music is intended to see that all possible musical endeavors are profitable and lucrative. The New Professionals: This is a description of groups of people who have left their original positions – such as lawyers, doctors, or CEOs etc. – to become involved with the music business. These people are shown an opportunity to capitalize on an artist or venture relating to the industry and have the resources to embrace it. Though not always long term, these professionals see the allure of the music business in much the same way as the artist. The desire for fame and fortune inspire these professionals to endeavor to make their fortunes in this business. Often taking to the production chair, or the marketing position, these people attempt to create a sustainable income promoting, producing, or investing an artist or group. Versatility: This is the ability of company to encompass multiple genres within their network. This ability allows for a single company to reach a diverse audience and increase the sales numbers of the company itself. Also, this enables a company to reach an audience with a diverse selection of musical tastes. For example, should a prospective record buyer feel that the standards of a company are high; they may pursue an artist from the same company, but outside of their normal listening area. This also allows for a single company to manage markets in multiple countries. Sony, for example, is a company bases in Japan, with holdings in many countries, in including the United States. Their diverse distribution enables Sony to sell to countries with different languages, genres, and preferred media. Job Floating: This is a term used to describe an artist who has yet to sign to a set contract, but has a marketable body of work. Much like â€Å"Free Agency† in professional sports, Job Floating is the passing of an artist from one agent or producer to another, in hopes that this artist would either sign to the company, or record their project with a reputable producer. This allows a record company to obtain distribution rights to an artist’s work without that artist signing a committing contract with that company. This option increases the ability for a company to reach the independent markets, as well as the mainstream. Education: Education in the music business is the acquisition of knowledge that better prepares the individual for all of the possible eventualities that arise within the industry. Just as with any other business venture, preparedness is essential to success. An individual receives this education from any one of dozens of colleges or technical schools that offer such courses. These schools, such as Art Instruction Schools, International, offer in-depth courses that revolve around the information needed to succeed. â€Å"Commercial† side of Music Industry: This is the area of the music business that is solely interested in the profit of a musical venture. These projects are often called â€Å"jingles† and used in advertisements and television commercials. The artists that are employed in these ventures often differ from the mainstream artists, in that they do not attempt to create an artistic expression, but rather a short, and very memorable tune that can be easily identified with a certain product. These ventures are also not intended for wide consumption. They are intended for short lived, commercial endeavors that seek to increase the sales of a product or service, outside of the music industry. Bibliography Ream, Rundi. â€Å"The Songwriter’s Guild of America†. SGA.COM. 2004.    Online access: 29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   March 2008. URL:    http://www.songwritersguild.com/index.html â€Å"International Alliance for Women in Music†. IAWM.COM. 2006.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online Access: 29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   March 2008. URL: http://www.iawm.org/ Whitsett, Tim. â€Å"The Dictionary of Music Business Terms†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mixbooks. New York. 1998.